Report on Business Level Strategy Essay

Any given organization may comprise a number of different businesses. Each operating in distinct markets and serving different customers. A market is defined by demand conditions and based on an organization’s customers and potential customers. Industry is determined by supply conditions and based on production technology. Business level strategy is a means of separating out and formulating a competitive strategy at the level of individual business unit. This is sometimes referred to as a Strategic Business Unit (SBU). A Strategic Business Unit is a distinct part of an organization which focuses upon a particular market or markets for its products and services. The parent company sets the overall or corporate strategy. The role of the business unit is to devise a strategy which allows it to compete successfully in the marketplace and to contribute to the corporate strategy. A sustainable competitive advantage is about performing different activities or performing similar activities in a different ways. In other words, the firm must be capable of producing value for the customer that is recognized as being superior to that of its competitors. Michael Porter (1980) developed three generic strategies to help an organization outperform rivals within an industry, and so successfully position itself against the five forces. These strategies are referred to as generic because they apply to different types of organizations in different industries. The first of these three strategies is called Overall Cost Leadership. A cost leadership strategy involves a firm being the lowest cost producer within the industry. This allows the firm to outperform the rivals within the industry because it can charge lower prices and its lowest cost base still allows it to earn profit. In effect, this firm can charge the lowest price within the industry which the rivals simply cannot match. Therefore, a cost leadership strategy allows the firm to make superior profits. A Differentiation Strategy is based on producing products or services which are perceived by the customers as unique or different. A differentiated product has the opportunity to meet different customer needs more closely. It is the difference that is the basis on which the customers are prepared to pay a premium price. Clearly, the cost of producing differentiation must not outweigh the price being charged. Or, put another way, customer should be prepared to pay a price which exceeds the costs of differentiation, thereby allowing the organization to earn superior profits. The third Strategy is referred to as a Focus Strategy. A Focus Strategy allows an organization to target a segment of niche within a market. The segment may be based on a particular customer group, geographical markets, or specific product lines. Unlike overall cost leadership and differentiation strategies which are industry-wide, a focus strategy is aimed at serving a particular target market efficiency.

Favorite Time of Year

A Little Christmas Dinner Christmas is the time of year renowned for bringing families together in a way no other holiday can quite muster up to. Family togetherness feels like a cup of hot chocolate on the first cold night of the year; heart warming. That magical day when relatives flock from all over to be in one house, at one table, and to eat one meal, nothing is more special than a little Christmas dinner. Christmas is known for coming quicker and quicker each passing year.Many people begin to silently panic as soon as they hear the first Christmas song on the radio. To me it strikes into my head that our yearly family Christmas dinner is ever so close. As a child I enjoyed the Christmas dinner but not for the wholesome heart warming reasons that echo through my words now, but for the greedy natured presents. Admittedly the presents still are a highlight of the Christmas dinner, but after a few seasoned years of learning that Christmas is not about materialistic items I now feel that the Christmas dinner is the best part of this day.Every year we have the dinner at my grand parent’s quant house in the country. It takes a few hours to get there, but the country ride is more mesmerizing than any movie that I have ever seen. The twists and turns on a single lane road surrounded by tree’s help set the tone for what the day will bring. Every year I am always the first one there to help my grandparents to set up. The first thing I always remember to do is hug each one of them for as long as I can, thankful for another year to take in their open arms.After the greetings I always help Grandpa with the yard, raking up the final of the fall leaves and stringing up a few lights on top of the house because the little cousins always look forward to it. Grandpa is a hard working man that refuses to retire and knows his best working days are behind him. It seemed like yesterday all of this work he could have done with his eyes closed. Knowing how much sense of pride he gets on his hard work and watching him stand there helpless unable to do any of the work reminds me cherish the moments we have together.Soon Grandpa would be too tired to do much more and I would hustle back into the house to find Grandma hard at work. She has just as much work ethic as Grandpa but is ten years younger so she still has that fire that seems to burn deep in all of the Little family. She is hustling away baking cakes and cooking the ham. Watching how hard she works gives me a greater sense of joy than any present that I could possibly receive on this day. The other family members begin to arrive group by group.The food is still not done and the cake still needs to be frosted, but I believe Grandma sets it up like that so my four and five year old cousins can lick the spoon. Everyone pitches in to help on the final sides and setting the table while having casual conversation. And just as fast as Christmas seemed to come it was time to sit down and enjoy th e famous Little Christmas Dinner. We all gather around the large mahogany table and join hands and pray. My Grandpa always leads us into a wonderful prayer that always seems to summarize how we as a family feel.After the prayer we all line up from youngest to oldest to gather a plate load of the best food we will have the rest of year. Everyone hurry’s to get a big helping of Grandma’s mashed potatoes because she always seems to never cook enough. After we have all placed as much food that our little styrofoam plates can handle the food disappears almost as quickly as it was put on the plate. As soon as the food seems to settle into everyone’s system that is when the true Christmas spirit seems to have hit. The joy on everyone’s face echoes my sentiments that this Little Christmas Dinner is what life is truly about.

Airport and Aviation Security Annotated Bibliography

Airport and Aviation Security The paper "Airport and Aviation Security" is a delightful example of an annotated bibliography on social science. Abrahamsen, R., Williams, M. C. (2009). Security beyond the state: Global security assemblages in international politics. International Political Sociology, 3(1), 1-17.The book provides an in-depth analysis of global security privatization. It analyses global governance in relation to security in private companies. The books put forth theories examining state authorities and the private e-commerce sectors and how this impacts global security. The book content is very current and politically inclined. The information can be relied on as credible and useful.Adey, P. (2009). Facing airport security: affect, biopolitics, and the preemptive securitization of the mobile body. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27(2), 274-295.The book preemptively narrates the openings that airports provide to global security or insecurity. The book cross examines why airports are i nsecurity targets. The book also provides a peek into the future of airport security on several dimensions. The book is current and very useful in providing credible discourse in upgrading airport security mechanisms.Elias, B. (2009). Airport and aviation security: US policy and strategy in the age of global terrorism. CRC Press.The books explore the challenges that current airport security strategies are facing. The measures put forth by security protocols and why they do not effectively counter insecurity. There is wide coverage of the imbalance between air commerce whenever global security measures are enforced. The authors perspective is absolutely convincing as they relate with the most recent al-Qaida attacks. More than this, the book is recently published and has been referenced a lot meaning it is credible and the information reliable.Frederickson, H. G., LaPorte, T. R. (2002). Airport security, high reliability, and the problem of rationality. Public Administration Review, 62(s1), 33-43.The article appeals to the aspects of the reliability of airport security operations. The author explores a myriad of efforts to ensure enforced airport security standards to bear fruit in global security. The article further provides an overview of the information needed to implement the high standards of security. The author being a public administrator provides the administrative view where the airline sector is to charge for the responsibility of global security. The public administration theories are more accurate and relevant in the application.Heng, Y. K., McDonagh, K. (2009). Risk, Global Governance and Security: The Other War on Terror. Routledge. The book provides a multilateral view of global security cutting across the militaristic forces, the rhetorical war on terror and emerging issues in global security. With the incessant explosion of terrorism, the book covers strategic ways to end the insecurity. The book exhaustively discusses anti-terror initiativ es and the modes of implementation exploring their effectiveness. The information as presented is credible. The author has vast knowledge in international relations from his long lecturing career in many universities. The authors reference to theories of risk and key concepts adds credibility that makes the knowledge very useful. Kibaroğlu, M., Kibaroğlu, A., Halman, T. S. (2009). Global security watch--Turkey: A reference handbook. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International. The book examines Turkeys reaction to foreign policies and decisions. It also explains how the private sector has boosted the state of global airline safety. The book provides a conceptual framework for the role that airport security plays in global security by demonstrating the state of Turkish airports. Other than been current the information is practically drawn making this credible source. McCarley, J. S., Kramer, A. F., Wickens, C. D., Vidoni, E. D., Boot, W. R. (2004). Visual skills in air port-security screening. Psychological Science, 15(5), 302-306. The journal is based on an experimental check on the tools employed in airport security. The experiment purely is used to reveal how the travels and screening tools can contribute to global insecurity. Moreover, the journal uncovers the need to upgrade airport security screening tools. This information is credible and having been conducted scientifically, it is highly accurate and reliable. Sparke, M. B. (2006). A neoliberal nexus: Economy, security and the biopolitics of citizenship on the border. Political Geography, 25(2), 151-180. The book identifies the ways in which airport security is has failed. It examines the inadequate security designs that airports employ. The role that bodies such as the Transport Security Administration and Homeland security play are discussed. This is a very recent publication, therefore, gives a current view. The author is a diplomat and a keen analysis of security matters. This informat ion is fairly credible and accurate when related to the current state of affairs.Sweet, K. (2008). Aviation and airport security: terrorism and safety concerns. CRC Press. The descriptive analysis of biometrics, predictive analysis and dataveillance in the book scrutinized the role of airport security on state borders. The book relates technology, the airport travels and global security on many levels. The text is also particular in technological techniques through which airport security enhances global security. The content is relatively recent, credible and accurate technologically and other senses.TYLER, S. T. A. C. E. Y. L. (2017). AIRPORT SECURITY: Passenger screening and governance post-9/11. S.l.: ROSEDOG PR. This book narrates the tenets of airlines exploring their operations, economic impacts and political roles. It addresses the challenges faced, global security being a major threat. The book also provides great insight into the age of terrorism and its impact on airports. The author writes on account of their first-hand experience from their experience working in the Turkish embassy. This authors active involvement in business security has enabled her to argue substantially on the subject making credible and reliable arguments.

Mgmt 4440 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Mgmt 4440 - Essay Example performance management lies in the fact that it helps distinguish between employees who are active and those who are actually working and motivates the former to be more like the latter, thus improving the overall performance in the organization. Also, when a customer is rewarded adequately for good work (whether monetarily or through promotions), they are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs, thus increasing the company’s retention rate. Also, it helps align the organization’s activities and the efforts of the employees with the goals of the organization. Employees are more engaged in their work. They look to take on more challenging assignments and enjoy working at their workplace, motivated to achieve the best that they can. This also results in timely and high quality work by the organization in turn. From the employee’s perspective, he / she has greater motivation to work in that organization. An employee who performs well has motivation to continue doing so and an employee who is slacking off is motivated to perform better when they see a coworker being rewarded. Performance management also drives employees to become responsible for their individual performances and drives a better employee experience in the organization. It makes employees strive for greater success and makes them more conscientious of their work. The statement ‘Business is behavior’ refers to the need for organizations to adopt a behavioral approach to management systems. This is due to the huge gap between an organization’s technical competence and the performance of their employees due to a poor understanding of social skills (Rana 2). Simply put, unless an organization succeeds in promoting positive work behavior and decreasing instances of negative work behavior among employees, it will never be able to actualize its potential no matter how well it boosts its other capabilities. Its success in business is limited by the least progressive factor which is often

Thinking about Death Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Thinking about Death - Research Paper Example However, as we shall see, this is modulated very differently in all three examples. Section 1: Henry James, loss and self-actualisation. The critical apogee of Henry James’ story, The Beast in the Jungle, comes only moments from the end in which the protagonist comes to understand himself. The self-awareness that John Marcher develops is critically, and inextricably, linked to the death of Mary Bartram. By connecting Mary’s death with Marcher’s epiphanies about his own life, the realisation of loss, ironically, becomes about the discovery of self-knowledge and the truth about life itself. The story of Marcher’s and Bartram’s relationship is defined by Marcher’s belief that he has an unusual fate: to die by some catastrophic event, what he terms ‘the beast in the Jungle’. It is for this reason that he decides that he will attempt to protect others and himself by not falling in love with others, or developing a deep connection with someone. This fate is developed throughout the novella and then finally achieved in the final moments of the work, when Marcher comes to understand his failure to connect to another person. ... ... He saw the Jungle of his life and saw the lurking Beast; then, while he looked, perceived it, as by a stir of the air, rise, huge and hideous, for the leap that was to settle him. His eyes darkened--it was close; and, instinctively turning, in his hallucination, to avoid it, he flung himself, face down, on the tomb.’ (James, The Beast in the Jungle) Instinctively, the reference to throwing himself down on his tomb points out the connection between Mary’s death and his achievement of his fate. Mary’s death is intimately connected to the acquisition of self-knowledge. He comes to understand, and in that moment achieves, his fate. The loss of Mary at this point becomes then the catastrophic event in his life; he realises what he has lost at the last, and is pained by it. Just as he comes to understand his fate, he comes to understand the way in which he and Mary had lived, and his ultimate failure in life. He comes to understand that his life was a solipsistic o ne. Marcher’s life is detached—detached from human connections, from the emotions and the intensity of profound connection that defines Mary’s life. This is expressed in a number of ways. Recall for instance his inability, in the opening scene of section 1, to remember his earlier meetings with Mary. (It is also expressed in the third person perspective of the narrator, for example.) The consequences of this solipsistic, detached life are brought home to him in the final scenes when faced with Mary’s death. She had offered him an escape from his fate: ‘The escape would have been to love her; then, THEN he would have lived. SHE had lived--who could say now with what passion?—since she had loved him for himself; whereas he had never thought of her (ah how

Mattering Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mattering Plan - Essay Example Besides, I find it pleasurable to guide students to understand the meaning of life and devise plans that would create awareness about mattering (Elliott, 2009). The video conference that I previously watched enlightened my thinking. I am willing to share my happiness for the good of humanity. I understand that several factors constitute happiness in the society. However, I was surprised to note that people have a different perception and understanding of the things that matter based on their literacy (Elliott, 2009). The mattering project focuses on the importance of family in the quest to be happy. The project is important because I value family. Consequently, I intend to instill the same values to my students. Understanding this topic will broaden my knowledge and make me conscious of environmental processes. It will also allow me fit into the school setting. I will easily adapt to different environmental surroundings. According to Elliott (2009), different environmental settings represent the values of the learning process. Several people value families because they promote peace and understanding in the society. I will need financial resources to purchase materials for carrying out the project on mattering and the role that families play in societies. A coordination of various stakeholders is necessary because of the difficulties that arise when setting up the plan. As such, it is difficult to simplify technical terms without consulting professionals because mattering affects education in different ways. It will be difficult to convince students from quarrelling homes the importance of a family (Elliott, 2009). The plan will need to focus on the importance of family because it grades above average. In the introduction, it will focus on the major aspects of human development. Thereafter, it will have a discussion on the factors that contribute to happiness in the society. In

DP CH 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DP CH 1 - Essay Example Type-2 diabetes accounts for more than 90% of diabetes cases and has been increasing primarily because of the rise in the obesity, heart complications, and kidney failure (County of Los Angeles Public Health (2008). At the same time; age, gender, ethnicity, and life style patterns also affect the level of diabetes in Asians, Whites, and Africans (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). The numbers of diabetics in the United States have been increasing in last few years and obesity is considered as the main reason behind it. However, race and gender has also been assumed as the main factors in determining the impact and influence of diabetes in many people (Chowdhary, et al, 2003). Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death and ninth leading cause of premature death in Los Angeles County suggesting that the impact and influence of diabetes is quite high on the lives of people living in Los Angeles County (Wulffson, 2011). It was further found that the prevalence of diabete s in quite high in Black and South Asian people suggesting that race and ethnicity play an important role in determining and ascertaining the level of diabetes. It was further found that Black and South Asians are more inclined to develop diabetes mainly because of their lifestyle and obesity issues that is more inclined to eating oily and unhealthy food. Diabetes is a life threatening health complication that can affect the well being of people in a considerable manner (Wulffson, 2011). It was found that adult diabetes rate has increased from 6.6% in 1997 to 9.1% in 2007 affecting more than 65000 adults in Los Angeles County and can be considered as an alarming situation (County of Los Angeles Public Health (2008). As per the report published by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012); it was found that out of the 25.6 million adults with diabetes in the United States, 12.6 million were women in the year 2010. This clearly shows that the number of women suffering from diabetes in the United States is quite high. It was also found that Black and South Asian women are more likely to develop diabetes compared to European and White women. The risk of heart disease in women was found to be more serious compared to men highlighting the risks women are exposed to in terms of diabetes in the United States (Das, 2002). Women with diabetes are more likely to develop heart and obesity issues that can further affect their life expectancy in a negative manner. As stated before, gender, race, and ethnicity play an important role in determining the level of diabetes and the danger of diabetes is quite high in Hispanic, Africans, Asians, and American Indians. It is often believed that family history also determines the level of diabetes and, people with poor genes and complicated medical history are supposed to develop diabetes either at an early or later age (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). The complication of diabetes can be in the form of he art issues, obesity, poor health, weak eye sight, and uneasiness. All these health complications can lead to long term health complications that may result in sudden death or failure of multiple body organs (Eyler, 1998). People suffering from diabetes need to be more focused on accepting a healthy lifestyle rather living an erratic lifestyle that can affect the overall well being in a negative manner. Diabetes cannot be cured permanently, it can only be managed and controlled and

Composition Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Composition - Annotated Bibliography Example While it may not be as complete and detailed as other biographical accounts of Hoover, it does provide enough information about his disposition and temperament when it comes to individuals whom he considered as enemies of the state. Since the research deals with the government abuse of power while Hoover was in the FBI as described by Stout in The Doorbell Rang, this book would help in explaining the character of the said director. The FBI: A History presents a detailed discussion of the history of the country’s principal crime-fighting force. It also attempts at providing analysis on the key events that occurred during the history of the FBI. It particularly highlights the era when J. Edgar Hoover was at the helm of its organization. This book by Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones is relevant to the research since it helps in clarifying the historical context of Rex Stout’s The Doorbell Rang. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations. Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans. United States Senate, 1976. Web. 27 January 2012. http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIce.htm This is basically a report submitted by a senate committee headed by Sen. Frank Church in 1976. The said committee made and investigation of all the actions that the FBI did during the time when J. Edgar Hoover was its director. The document was actually one of the very first systematic and comprehensive attempts at exposing the FBI and the CIAs abuse of power, such as the spying conducted on American citizens. This also provides substantial proofs of Hoover’s violations of the privacy of individuals, which is the gist in The Doorbell Rang. Since the research is on the theme of how The Doorbell Rang serves as a critique of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI, it is only right that the book become a principal reference. The book written by Rex Stout is part of the Nero Wolfe detective story series. However, unlike the rest of the Nero

A proposal for an e-business venture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A proposal for an e-business venture - Assignment Example Different types of operational issues like growth of phishing activities by hackers and also in the number of fraudulent transactions carried out on the e-commerce platform happen to generate greater risks to the conducting of the e-commerce business. Failure in enhancing data integrity and security in information sharing activities along the e-commerce platform generates effective risk to the e-commerce company (Nastase and Nastase, 2007). The functions of e-commerce companies also run effective technical risk owing to the growth of intrusion of malicious software like Trojan horses; virus attacks and also being affected by worms and activities of hackers that tend to affect both the software and hardware components. Similarly the growth of fraudulent activities and errors also relate to technical risks of the e-commerce site (Sukumar & Edgar, 2009). The management of the above risks entail the use of surveys to identify and evaluate the different types of risks related to e-commerce along with their potential of affecting the present state of activities. It also requires potential communication among interested parties and stakeholders relating to the identification of the different risks. This contributes in generating needed awareness about the risks and thereby in planning effective strategies related to designing of security and authentication tools to help in mitigating the same (Jaffe, 2000). E-commerce business operates based on the gathering of confidential information related to consumers. The e-commerce companies are thus required to act as effective custodians of the personal information generated by the customers through working on the dimensions of internal controls. Ethical and privacy concerns related to e-commerce pertain to the sharing and publication of confidential information of the consumers without the prior consent. Confidential information of consumers shared with third party may also amount to the fraudulent use of such in

Identify the pathways and stores of water, sediment and nutrients from Essay

Identify the pathways and stores of water, sediment and nutrients from the uplands to the coast in typical northwest England - Essay Example As water flows naturally to the sea, it forms various features as it interacts with various factors on its way. In some cases, the water gets stored temporarily in reservoirs, most of the time moving at various speeds. Depending on the speed of movement, the water collects, transports and deposits objects including soil, rocks, and wood. Using these objects, the water at high speed can create new features as the objects brush against other objects in the water path. Water also dissolves nutrients and minerals while suspending tiny particles which are later deposited as sediments at lower speeds. This paper is dedicated to discussing the water pathways from the typical northwest England catchments and its flow to the sea. 2). Definition of terms Pathways: In the context of this essay, pathways refers to the routes of flow traveled by water, nutrients and sediments as they move from the uplands to the coast. ... Sediments: These are materials broken down by the processes of erosion and weathering and are subsequently transported through the actions of wind and liquid water and glaziers. These materials are naturally occurring. Nutrients: These are chemicals required by organisms for them to live and grow well or a substance required for the process of metabolism and must be taken from the organism’s environment. Uplands: Refers to areas of higher altitudes Coast: Refers to a strip of land bordering the sea and as such, it is an area of low lower altitude. Catchments: Refers to a main source, the region from where a substance or material is supplied to the rest of the areas that form part of the material’s or substance pathway. 3). The pathways and stores of water, sediment and nutrients from the uplands to the coast in typical northwest England catchments a) Pathways and stores of water from the uplands to the coast in typical northwest England catchments The pathway of water i n any particular region typically begins with the hydrological cycle. At the beginning of this cycle, water is changed from liquid into its gaseous, vapour, which ascends to the higher altitudes. Here, it is cooled and falls down as rain, which falls either directly as into the various rivers, lakes and man-made reservoirs or flow into them as surface runoff. Vegetation are important in making this water to sip into the ground from where they flow as underground water till they join rivers, lakes or man-made reservoirs. In typical northwest England catchments, the water moves along various pathways. These include fast ways for example overland flow, or drain ?ow, shallow sub-surface ?ow and slower pathways. The slower

Effective pain relief in postoperative patients Essay Example for Free

Effective pain relief in postoperative patients Essay Pain is physiological mechanism and a means of the body alert the person about either currently present or impending damage to it. It can be defined as the â€Å"unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage† (Gelinas, 2004). Consequently, the words discomfort has also been used interchangeably with pain in the past and can be defined as a â€Å"negative affective and/or physical state subject to variation in magnitude in response to internal or environmental conditions† (Gelinas, 2004). Pain is a very important component in care of the surgical patients, both preoperative and post operative. Surgery itself afflicts large amounts of trauma on the patient. The pain that the patient has to incur afterwards adds his anxiety levels and stresses the body. Lack of or inadequate amounts of pain management by the staff, impacts the patients healing process. Their mobility and in the long terms their duration of hospital stay is also affected. It is important that, for optimal patients health management and care, a means tool must be available to measure the patients pain assessment and relief requirement through pharmacological and non pharmacological means. Little research has been done to properly assess and document the prevalence of pain and its management protocols in post operative patients. The pain scoring systems are available to attempt to quantify pain and manage it accordingly. These subjective ones include the categorical rating scales (CRS) in which patient rates pain from â€Å"No† to mild moderate or severe. Another one is the â€Å"Visual Analog score (VAS) where the individual scores are placed on a 10-cm line where the left anchor point is labeled â€Å"no Pain† and the right anchor point is labeled â€Å"worst possible pain†. Since every patient has a varying threshold for pain, and requires varying levels of drugs, to over come the pain, it is better for there to be both a subjective indicator for pain as well as an objective one, that is to say, that the nurses an also assess how much pain the patient is in, by using a tool she is provided with. Cardiac surgery is a major thoracic surgery and patients post operatively require lot analgesics to manage pain so that their morbidities associated with pain (like pain in breathing, walking etc) can be eliminated. Usually morphine is used for the purpose of pain relief but there are indications that Fentanyl can perform a similar relief without much of the side effects associated. There needs to be some focus into this theory. This can be achieved by placing 2 similar populations of adult cardiac patients who have just undergone cardiothoracic surgery on morphine or Fentanyl. As is the standard procedure nowadays, quality indicators, both subjective and objective can be used. The VAS pain scoring card can be provided to the patients for them to record the different levels of pain that they feel. The nurses would be provided with indictors to record objective findings which can indicate pain. â€Å"These can be physiological and behavioral indicators. The physiological indicators can be clustered into cardiovascular, respiratory and cerebral responses† (Gelinas, 2004). Pain associated responses would include tachypnea in respiratory, tachycardia and increased blood pressure in cardiac and raised ICP in cerebral responses. After assessment of the pain levels with the quality indicators, the pain management drugs will be administered and later the subjective and objective pain assessment will be repeated to see which drugs effects were greater and lasted longer. A study conducted by Celine Gelinas on critically ill incubated patients, to find out what are the protocols and tools used to assess pain management are and if the patients were being given effective relief. He used subjective as well as objective tools. The results revealed that physicians placed no role in documenting pain in patients. Most of the reporting was done by nurses and the patients. It was also noticed that nurse’s assessment of pain was much less than that reported by the patients themselves. The research concluded that the documentation overall about the pain and its management was incomplete in general with little attention being given. The research also noted that even after being notified about the pain, its effective management only took place 60 percent of the time. (Gelinas, 2004). In and interventional study conducted by Francoise Bardiau in 2003, the quality indicators e. g. VAS were introduced in the surgical and anesthesia department. After a survey of assessment of knowledge of nurses, VAS to assess pain was the nurses worked to improve pain management. After further surveys, it was noted that initiation of programs to setting of quality indicators improves the overall pain management system. (Bardiau, F. , M, 2003) Idvall E tested a 5 point scale to measure the effects of quality indicator maintain pain relief measurements. â€Å"The results suggest initial support for the new instrument as a measure of strategic and clinical quality indicators in postoperative pain management, but it must be further refined, tested and evaluated†. Idvall E 2002) a multidisciplinary program development was introduced based on evidence based medicine to focus on construction of proper management protocols to implement clinician as well as patient based pain relief programs â€Å"The results suggest that addressing pain management through a variety of strategies targeted at the level of the institution, the clinician, and the patient may lead to desired changes in practice and better outcomes for patients. .† Bedard, D (2006). A survey conducted on post operative cardiac ICU patients, about their pain experiences revealed that despite the pain management regimes in place nowadays, the pain frequencies, and intensities were the same as they were more than a decade ago. Pain management is a vital component of patient care. Quality of pain management can only be assessed through proper indicators. These can be multimodal. The patient populations on which these indicators can be applied are preoperative and postoperative patients. Post operative cardiac patients under nursing care can benefit well from implementation of quality indicators such as VAS. In the nursing profession subjective scoring by the patients themselves enables the nurses to manage the pain properly. This will lead to quicker recovery by the patients and earlier discharge. In the long term this means leads financial implications on the patients due to reduced hospital stay. Also nursing work load gets reduced as the patient tern over is increased. The healthcare cost gets reduced. A Post operative pain management (POP) project was conducted in 2003. A nationwide survey was done to see the implementation of quality improvement projects in the field of pain management, it was noted that more than 70% of the hospitals were reportedly satisfied with the implementations and the outcomes of the quality improvement programs. Based on the analysis, it is noted that on the positive side, proper implementations of the quality indicators and improvement programs in the healthcare system and especially in the ICU and surgical wards, the patients stay can become quite comfortable. The stay can be reduced and the cost of healthcare to the system, the insurance companies, and the patient themselves can be reduced. In the other hand we can clearly see that by using the indicators we in effect are placing more workload on the nurses. If the subjective VAS and the objective physiological changes in the patient has to be monitored regularly just to assess the pain levels, a lot of quality time will be wasted. This time could have been used to tend to more critical patients. Now the question arises if it is worth the effect to implement the QI programs. The answer would lie in Force field analysis and the Lewin’s theory. If the benefits out way the set backs, we can implement the system. The idealistic thing would be that we assess the pain management needs of each department of the health care system and implement the QIs in the ones in which the implementation benefits out way the costs.

Of Mice and Men - Curleys Wife Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Curleys Wife Essay Curleys wife is the only women in the ranch, as we learned from the previous chapters, and is not given a name as she is seen as Curleys property. First destined to be an actress as she recounts to Lennie, Candy and Crooks, her chances were taken away by her mother who thought she was too young and she so ended up at the ranch by marrying Curley, concerned in getting away from her opportunity-breaker mother as soon as possible. From this we can already observe her high self-esteem, thinking it was only because of her mother that she didnt end up in acting, not because of her possible lack of great talent. But marrying Curley wasnt maybe finally the best choice. Confined almost all day in a two-by-four house, she has to listen to her men-hater husbands only conversation about what he is going to do to the fellows he doesnt like, or to support his non-care about her. She doesnt like him, says he is too selfish and proud of himself (we can notice that these are also two of her self-characteristics). These facts lead her to become lonely and hostile to men, regarding them as responsible for her bad situation. The only benefit she uses from her marriage is her superiority against the other men, being the wife of the bosss son and so having the power of having them fired, power from which she abuses, for example by forcing Lennie, Crooks and Candy to speak to her. This shows her manipulative and intelligent character but also her tremendous loneliness. She is mean, bitter and prejudiced against them (she calls them the weak ones, hobos, and discriminates them by treating them respectively of dum-dum, nigger and lousy old sheep), but she has an irrepressible need to talk to them.

Myspace Is A Social Networking Music Media Essay

Myspace Is A Social Networking Music Media Essay 1.0 INTRODUCTION In 2003, MySpace began. It was created by a small group of programmers who already had work in eUniverse, MySpace has grown by leaps and bounds. MySpace soon became one of the largest online companies. It was all due to the dream of Thomas Anderson and some of his friend who was members of Friendster and already had everything they needed to get started and create MySpace. In July 2005, MySpace was bought out by Rupert Murdochs News Corp. They changed the companys name to Intermix Media. News Corp is owned by Fox Broadcasting. Later, in 2006, Fox launched a UK version of MySpace. They successful attempt at adding the UK music scene to MySpace. Later they also release MySpace in other country. Currently, MySpace head office is in California. They are in the same building as Fox Interactive Media. They only have 300 people working for them, but they have gain over 200,000 new users everyday and have over 100 million users worldwide. Nowadays, MySpace is considered as a social networking website that provides us a highly personalized experience in entertainment. Besides that, MySpace also helps to connect music, celebrities, TV, movies and the game that we love. MySpace is easy and convenient for every user. It is similar to Friendster which allows their users to pick or build their favorite theme themselves. Furthermore, MySpace also allows users to upload their video, music, photo and other else that they want to share with other MySpace users. Games are also provided for users. There are many different kinds of games in MySpace. Some of the MySpace users expand their social network through MySpace. Some of them also use MySpace to connect with their long-distance friends. In short, MySpace is a social networking website that is very convenient to us. We can play game, watch video, hear music and do other things in MySpace. 2.0 MySpace Music Music is MySpaces territory. There have huge of artist and band pages. Some artists have millions of friends and the pages allow streaming music, artist control over the look and feel of the site and etc. MySpace also have  music streaming, playlists, downloads, merchandise sales, ring tones and other features.  (Facebook v. MySpace in the U.S. Market: The Music  Factor, Michael Arrington, Aug 22, 2008) MySpace Music is allowed users to search their favourite music by city. Besides that, MySpace users are allow to download music, link to news articles, and concert information and musician advertisement on MySpace Music website. MySpace creator, Anderson, makes no distinctions about talent level. He allowed anyone with music that can be downloaded can post on MySpace Music. (Website looks to get the word out about Pittsburgh musicians, By  Rege Behe, PITTSBURGH TRIBUNE-REVIEW Friday, February 25, 2011) 3.0 ARTISTS Artist is a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination. They have their own official profile in MySpace. Their official profile is allowing MySpace users to know their recently situation. 3.1 How To Search The Favorite Artist Step 1: For those who already had their MySpace account, go into MySpace website (www.myspace.com) and login with your account. For those who dont have their MySpace account, go into MySpace and press sign-up. Step 2: No matter you are login or sign-up, you will enter your homepage. After that, you will see a bar on your top page, find the Music word, and click into it. Step 3: You will see a search box on your right hand side, type your favorite artist inside the box and press search. Step 4: Waiting your result come out. 3.2 The Results That I Searched Based on the topic, I had chosen the artist that I loved. I chose Britney Spears in this time. Britney Spears is my favorite artists all the time. She is an American recording artist and entertainer. I have followed the steps above to search the artists that I love. I found that is showing 3517 result for Britney Spears. In 3517 results, there were including artists, albums, songs and music videos results. For artists, there were 1000 results about Britney Spears. And the song, there were also 1000 results. Besides that, it had 526 results for the album and 1000 results for the music videos. The results just like the picture show on above. For artists part, I pressed the Most Relevant beside the artist results; I saw that had some related results about Britney Spears, but it was some only. I saw the Britney Spears official MySpace profile on the first and other was just a normal profile named Britney Spears. For songs part, I chose the Most Popular to find out what is the most popular Britney Spears song. As the results, I found that Britney Spears popular song was Womanizer, Circus, If You Seek Amy and other. The ranking was based on how many times does the song plays. Other side, I also chose Most Recent to find out what is the most recent song. The most recent song was based on the latest Britney Spears album. I found that had Circus, Lucky and etc. For the albums part, I chose Most Popular and Most Recent, but after I click in, I realize some of the album was not about Britney Spears. After that, I chose Most Relevant to find out Britney Spears album. There had Britney, Circus, Blackout and other albums. There had a Buy Album button under the all of the albums. We can download the album songs from MySpace to iTunes or Amazon MP3 and it cost $7.99 per album. For the music videos part, I click Most Popular to find out what is the most popular video. I found that some of the video was not about Britney Spears MV and some was some people recorded and posted the video that they sang. After that, I chose Most Recent. I found the result almost not Britney Spears MV. Therefore, I chose Most Relevant, I can see that most of the Britney Spears MV was found. There were Hold It against Me, Gimme More and etc. 3.3 Visit Britney Spears Profile I visited Britney Spears official MySpace profile, and I saw above of the profile, there had Britney Spears status. It will update what does Britney Spears done recently and let all MySpace users know her situation. Besides that, I found Britney Spears has 706989 friends on MySpace. She had so many friends because when we add her as a friend, the system will approve us automatically. But compare to some top artists, such like Eminem, Britney Spears not much more than him. I also found there were 925 people like this profile on Facebook. It might be used for promote Britney Spears MySpace page on Facebook. On the general info there, there had some details such as last login, profile views, records label, type of label and etc. It is give some general information to those who visited her profile. After that, I followed the step as the picture on my left. I went into the Music page and click Featured. I saw that had some songs on the playlist such as Till the World End, Hold It against Me, 3 and etc. Those songs put on featured playlist were the recommended songs. The songs those in featured playlist were recommended by Britney Spears. It might be some songs took from her albums as a theme song to promote her albums. For example, the Hold It against Me album, Britney Spears chose the song named Hold It against Me as her album theme song. But some of the songs in featured playlist are not exactly the theme song of the album. It might be the nice songs in her album. After searching the songs, I search the featured video. I followed the step in the picture on my left, click Videos. I found that already had a featured video when I came inside the page. The featured video is Hold It against me. This music video just came out recently. It was Britney Spears new album music video. Britney Spears had recommended her new album music video to all users of MySpace. Besides that, we can follow the video. When you follow the video, it is mean that you already like the video. The result of how many people like this video will show under the video. Other, you also can share this video on Facebook by click to all Facebook users. 4.0 PLAYLIST Playlist is a collection of songs from a music library created by users. MySpace also allow all users of MySpace to create their own playlist. 4.1 How To Create Playlist It might have some ways to create playlist. The proper way had shown as below: Step 1: Login into MySpace. After that, click My Stuff. Step 2: You will see Create Playlist. Click it. Follow the picture on above Step 3: Click the Add New Playlist, type your playlist name and press OK. Step 4: Your playlist have been done. The other way to create playlist is find the song that you want. You will see a + button, click it. After that, a box will come out. If you want to create a playlist and add the song into the new playlist, click Create a playlist, and type your playlist name inside. Then, click Add. Your playlist have been created. 4.2 Add Song To Playlist It is so easy to add song into the playlist. It might have some ways. The easier way was after you create a playlist, just searched the song that you want on the search box. Your results will be shown. After that, drag or drop the song that you want into the playlist. The other way to add songs into the playlist was you just saw the song that you want, click the song. You will see a + button, press it. After that, an Add to playlist box will come out. Choose the album that you want add into, then click Add. Beside these two ways, it also might have other ways to add song into playlist. Add song to playlist, it will let MySpace users easier to find the songs to hear that already save in playlist. 4.3 Edit Playlist After you created a music playlist on MySpace, you might need to edit it some times. Up to your playlist, it might have somethings can change. For example, you can change your playlist name through press the name of playlist, then edit it.Besides that, you also might add some description on the playlist to dsicribe the playlist that you created. There were also have three buttons named Share Playlist, Buy Playlist and Make Private to let you choose. Share Playlist can let you share your playlist to MySpace itself, Facebook, Twitter and Digg. The Buy Playlist was allow us to buy playlist which created by ourself. The prices were depends on how many songs we add into our playlist. Last, there was a button named Make Private. After you click that button, you will not share your playlist to MySpace, Facebook, Twitter or Digg. The playlist just can play by your own MySpace account. In additional, you will also can delete songs which you dont want in the playlist. It was so easy to delete. You just need to click a x button behine the song name. Then the song will delete. You can just see the picture as below. 5.0 SAFETY TIPS MySpace is a lifestyle social networking that contain over millions of peoples. All of the users in MySpace include you and me are playing a very important role in keeping the community safe. Safety Tips is a webpage in MySpace that helping us to know how all MySpace users can keep safe while playing social networking like MySpace. On this page, you will find some safety information, tips and some resources to navigate online communities. MySpace promise that to keep MySpace users safe online through unique safety features and technology, partnerships with safety organizations and law enforcement, and our support of new laws that will nurture the growth of online safety tools, education and research. 5.1 For Parents and Educators Millions of people are using MySpace. Some of them are teenagers. They have their own personal MySpace profile. As a parent or educator, you may worry about what do teenagers do with MySpace. Do they safety while playing MySpace? There are a lots of question might be come out from parents and educators. For parents and educators, MySpace have already set some rules and regulations for teenagers. For those teenagers who want to register a MySpace account, must be at least 13 years old. Those teenagers are below 13 years old are not permitted to register. MySpace provide this rule because those teenagers are below 13 years old is not mature. They dont have analysis skill to analyse what can learn and what they cant learn. In additional, MySpace also will automatically assign a Private Profile for those users are below 18 years old. Private Profile means that only account users will know their last name or email address can contact them or view their profile. This information will not show to other MySpace users. MySpace needs to protect some teenagers are below 18 years old. It is because their personal details might be stealing and contact with them. No matter how many rules and regulations that MySpace had set, parents and educators must keep looking on their child. It is because rules and regulations just have little helps. The most important is parents and educators must always communicate with their children. They need to talk with them always and ask what they doing with MySpace. 5.2 For Teenagers MySpace is a public space. It might have some stranger add you as friend. For teenagers, you might not put your contact number, house address and something easy to contact you in MySpace. It will let stranger easier to find you. Besides that, you also not take some harmful picture and those pictures with your uniform. It can cause stranger go your school to find you. Furthermore, teenagers might protect your privacy. Remember set your profile to private which lets only your friends can view your profile. Teenagers also might only accept friend invitations from people you know and trust. Moreover, if teenagers see those inappropriate contents, they should tell their parents or adults report these kinds of thing to MySpace. Inappropriate contents such as violence picture, sexual picture and etc. These  will affect the  thinking of  teenagers. Think before you post. Teenagers must think before what you have post on MySpace. When you uploaded something on MySpace, it can downloaded by someone else. Hence, teenagers might not post anything that they dont want show to other. 6.0 CONCLUSION MySpace is a social networking that provide us highly entertainment such as music, video, games and else. There had huge of people become MySpace members. MySpace created in 2003 until present. MySpace is similar with Friendster. Both of them also can let users design layout themselves. The most famous application in MySpace is MySpace Music. MySpace Music can let us search the artist that we loved and add the artists song into our playlist. We also can buy artists songs and artists album through MySpace. MySpace Music will also have Top Artists, Top Albums and Top Videos in MySpace. Before I do this assignment, I dont know what MySpace is. According to my opinion, MySpace just is a social networking. But, after I do my assignment, I feel that I was wrong. MySpace is not only a social networking. It is also a place that helps us connect with our favourite artists. We can know what our favourite artists do recently in MySpace. Through doing this assignment, I also know we can create a playlist that we want in MySpace. Besides create playlist, I know how to add songs into playlist and edit playlist. Furthermore, I also know how to find the artists result that I want. I found that MySpace really have many benefit for those who like music. Music is a part of our life. We can search the artist latest songs on our artists MySpace profile. MySpace really is a good website to us. I will introduce this website to all of my friends to share the benefit.

The Silk Road Essays -- Chinese History

Long before there were trains, ships and airplanes to transport goods from one place to another, there was the Silk Road. Beginning in the sixth century, this route was formed and thus began the first major trade system. Although the term â€Å"Silk Road† would lead one that it was on road, this term actually refers to a number of different routes that covered a vast amount of land and were traveled by many different people. Along with silk, large varieties of goods were traded and traveled along this route both going to and from China. Material goods were not the only thing that passed along this path, but many religions were brought into China via the Silk Road. These topics will be discussed in detail in this paper. From Babylon in the west to Chang’an in the east and from Jada Gate in the north to Patna in the south, the Silk Road stretched over a wide space of the Asian and Middle Eastern countries. There was not one road or one direct route between the many stops between these destinations. The caravans that traveled the Silk Road mainly skirted the Taklimakan desert, also called the â€Å"Land of the Dead† by the people in that area. Nomadic tribes traveled from oasis to oasis, often with little or no protection from bandits. These bandits were accustomed to engaging in raids on the merchants that used this route to trade with other countries, attacking and stealing from the merchants and later selling what they acquired in this nefarious manner. It is important to note that while the deserts were a challenge to navigate, the highest mountain ranges also made travel difficult. Many of the people who used this trade route never traveled far, but instead traded goods many times between merchants. It is because of these ... ...hina as well. Along the Silk Road, Buddhism, Christianity, and Manichaeism also migrated towards the east. The Silk Road supported trade of goods and services and the spread of ideas and religions, beginning the shrinking of the world to the relatively small place it has become in our time. Works Cited Wild, Oliver. Department of Earth System Science; University of California Irvine, "The Silk Road." Last modified 1992. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html. Lendering, Jona. LIVIUS Articles on Ancient History, "Silk road." Last modified 03/30/2012. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://livius.org/sh-si/silk_road/silk_road.html. Major, John. Asia Society, "Silk Road: Spreading Ideas and Inovations." Last modified 2012. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://asiasociety.org/countries/trade-exchange/silk-road-spreading-ideas-and-innovations.

osteoporosis :: essays research papers

Osteoporosis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased chance of fracturing the hip, spine and wrist bones.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Osteoporosis affects not only woman but men also. One out of every two women and one in four men over fifty will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Forty-four million Americans suffer from osteoporosis; sixty-eight percent of that number are women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple risk factors that you cannot change concerning osteoporosis are gender, age, body size, ethnicity, and family history. Your chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if you are a woman. Women have less bone tissue and lose bone more rapidly than men because of the changes involved in menopause. Age, the older you are, the greater the risk of osteoporosis. Your bones become less dense and weaker as you age. Body size, small, thin-boned women are at greater risk. Ethnicity, Caucasian and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Latino women have a lower but significant risk. Family history, susceptibility to fracture may be in part, hereditary. People whose parents have a history of fractures also seem to have reduced bone mass and may be at risk for fractures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some different risk factors that you can change to help decrease the possibilities of osteoporosis are sex hormones, anorexia, a lifetime diet low in calcium and vitamin D, use of certain medications, inactive lifestyle or extended bed rest, cigarette smoking, excessive use of alcohol are all risks you can prevent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vitamin D and calcium are two main vitamins needed to keep your bones strong. Without each other, ones bones weaken. Vitamin D is needed for the body to absorb calcium. Without enough Vitamin D, we can not form enough of the hormonal calcitriol, which helps the calcium be absorbed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You can get Vitamin D from either your daily diet or fifteen minutes in the sun. The actual needed amounts necessary for your body every day differ from person to person depending usually on age or pregnancy.

The Portraiture of Women During the Renaissance Essay -- Portraiture o

This essay will discuss how women were represented in the portraiture during the Renaissance period. It will explain how the women’s body was pictured in portraiture as; marriage celebrant, husbands beloved, figures of fertility, mothers, display of wealth, paragons of virtues, husband’s passive representative, indication of fashion and more (Brown, 2003). Next, it will include analysis from the two female portraits of Leonardo de Vinci’s Ginerva de’ Benci and Sandro Botticelli’s Portrait of a Lady. First, I will explain what portrait means and then represent my own interpretation of Botticelli’s Portrait of a Lady by referring to instructional â€Å"activity dialog† that details how to analyse the body’s subject in the portrait (Mckennee et al., 1994). Second, I will discuss how the Renaissance ideal perception of the women’s body image was influenced by philosophy of humanism, religious saintly virtues and the poets ’ understandings (Haughton, 2004). In short, I will explain how the radical change occurred in the woman’s portraiture in late fifteen-centuries where the traditional profile view was no longer popular and straight frontal presentation was fully practised. To exemplify this transformation, the painting of Leonardo’s Ginerva de’ Benci will be employed as means of analysis as Leonardo was instrumental in this fundamental change in the women’s portraiture (Garrard, 2006). Overall, it is quite astonishing how much constructive interpretation can be derived from one single portrait and these expressions will help me to expand my language and writing skill. I think practising the portrait activity-dialog between the viewer and the portrait’s subject expands the mind to be more creative which in turn initiates the development... ...ty in Renaissance art. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3(4), 229-233. doi: 10.1111/j.1473-2310.2004.00142.x Gromling, A. & Lingesleben,T. (1998). Botticelli 1444/45-1510 [Translation from the German; Fiona Hulse] (1st ed.).Koln, Germany: Neue Stalling, Oldenburg. Long, J.C., (2008). Botticelli’s Birth of Venus as wedding painting. Aurora, The Journal of the History of Art, 9, p.1. ISSN 1527-652X. McKennee, A., Malone, L., Hazelroth, S., & Kinney, B. (1994). Instructional resources: What is represented in a portrait? Art Education, 47(6), 25-32. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193462. Morrison, B. (2004, June 12). Portraits. The Guardian, p. 16. Weinberg, G. S., (Jan, 2004). D. G. Rossetti's Ownership of Botticelli's 'Smeralda Brandini.' The Burlington Magazine, 146, No. 1210, pp.20-26. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20073357 The Portraiture of Women During the Renaissance Essay -- Portraiture o This essay will discuss how women were represented in the portraiture during the Renaissance period. It will explain how the women’s body was pictured in portraiture as; marriage celebrant, husbands beloved, figures of fertility, mothers, display of wealth, paragons of virtues, husband’s passive representative, indication of fashion and more (Brown, 2003). Next, it will include analysis from the two female portraits of Leonardo de Vinci’s Ginerva de’ Benci and Sandro Botticelli’s Portrait of a Lady. First, I will explain what portrait means and then represent my own interpretation of Botticelli’s Portrait of a Lady by referring to instructional â€Å"activity dialog† that details how to analyse the body’s subject in the portrait (Mckennee et al., 1994). Second, I will discuss how the Renaissance ideal perception of the women’s body image was influenced by philosophy of humanism, religious saintly virtues and the poets ’ understandings (Haughton, 2004). In short, I will explain how the radical change occurred in the woman’s portraiture in late fifteen-centuries where the traditional profile view was no longer popular and straight frontal presentation was fully practised. To exemplify this transformation, the painting of Leonardo’s Ginerva de’ Benci will be employed as means of analysis as Leonardo was instrumental in this fundamental change in the women’s portraiture (Garrard, 2006). Overall, it is quite astonishing how much constructive interpretation can be derived from one single portrait and these expressions will help me to expand my language and writing skill. I think practising the portrait activity-dialog between the viewer and the portrait’s subject expands the mind to be more creative which in turn initiates the development... ...ty in Renaissance art. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3(4), 229-233. doi: 10.1111/j.1473-2310.2004.00142.x Gromling, A. & Lingesleben,T. (1998). Botticelli 1444/45-1510 [Translation from the German; Fiona Hulse] (1st ed.).Koln, Germany: Neue Stalling, Oldenburg. Long, J.C., (2008). Botticelli’s Birth of Venus as wedding painting. Aurora, The Journal of the History of Art, 9, p.1. ISSN 1527-652X. McKennee, A., Malone, L., Hazelroth, S., & Kinney, B. (1994). Instructional resources: What is represented in a portrait? Art Education, 47(6), 25-32. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193462. Morrison, B. (2004, June 12). Portraits. The Guardian, p. 16. Weinberg, G. S., (Jan, 2004). D. G. Rossetti's Ownership of Botticelli's 'Smeralda Brandini.' The Burlington Magazine, 146, No. 1210, pp.20-26. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20073357

Microcredit Repayment in Malaysia Essay

To investigate whether gender of borrower influence microcredit repayment. Hypothesis 1 Ho: Gender of borrower does not influenced microcredit repayment. H1: Gender of borrower does influence microcredit repayment. 2. To investigate whether types of business activities influence microcredit repayment. Hypothesis 2 Ho: Types of business activities does not influenced microcredit repayment. H1: Types of business activities does influence microcredit repayment. 3. To investigate whether amount of loan influence microcredit repayment. Hypothesis 3 Ho: Amount of loan does not influenced microcredit repayment. H1: Amount of loan does influence microcredit repayment. 4. To investigate whether repayment period influence microcredit repayment. Hypothesis 4 Ho: Repayment period does not influenced microcredit repayment. H1: Repayment period does influenced microcredit repayment. This chapter is discussing about the research design, data collection method, research instrument, questionnaire design and sampling frame to meet the objectives of the study. In this study, descriptive research will be conduct to obtain the information needed. It will involve acquiring primary data, preparing questionnaires and sampling method as well as deciding on how the variables will be measure and being analyse. This study will be conducted among the teachers at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Port Klang, Selangor. 3. 0Data Collection Method There are two ways in gathering data for the study. First is the primary data which is specially collected by the researcher and second is the secondary data or any information gathered from resources collected and published by others. . 0. 1Primary Data Primary data refer to information obtained first-hand by the researcher on the variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study (Sekaran, 2010). Obtaining primary data can be expensive and time consuming as it requires researchers to observe and conduct an experiment on something to gather information about specific problems. It will take time in collecting data. (a)Questionnaire A set of questionnaire has been designed to obtain a quantitative primary data for this research. The purpose is to gauge the relevant information to achieve the research objectives besides to determining and evaluate the level of microcredit repayment among employees. The primary data will be collected from questionnaire that will distribute to the teachers at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Port Klang,Selangor. (b)Journal Researcher will also use journal as the primary data for data collection method in order to elicit the information regarding for the research. 3. 0. 2Secondary Data Secondary data that will be collected can be use and these data can be located quickly and cheaper in terms of cost. Secondary data could be collected through internal and external sources. Internal data are those generated within the organization while external sources of data in other hands are generated by sources outside the organization. For the purpose of this study, the researcher will obtain the external sources from books, library references, articles, website and others. These are some of useful information that will serves as the groundwork for theoretical framework and literature review. . Research Instrument Regarding Malhotra (2004), defined that questionnaire is a structured techniques for data collection consisting of a series of questions, written or verbal that respondent answers. In addition, it is called a schedule, written form, measuring instrument, or formalized set of questionnaires for obtaining information from respondents. The standardized questionnaire will ensure comparability of the data, increase speed and accuracy of recording, and facilitating data processing. It needs to capture primary data is questionnaire. Questionnaire is a formalized instrument for asking information, directly from the respondent. It is designed to facilitate data gathering, which is directly related to the study. Questionnaires will be distributed directly to the respondents for them to answer. The questionnaires for this research consist of two sections. The first section will consist of questions related to profile of the respondents and the second section will consist of question regarding of loans. The format used for the questionnaire will be structured in rating scale which is liker scale and multiple choices. The liker scale is (1) = strong disagree, (2) = disagree, (3) = average, (4) = agree and (5) = strongly agree are used. The questionnaires will be distributed randomly to the teachers at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Jalan Pandamaran, Port Klang, Selangor. 5. 0Questionnaire Design In this research, in order to get information from respondents, the researcher will choose the structured questions. 5. 0. 1Structured Questions Structured question specify the set of response alternative and the response format that could be multiple choices and scale. The structured question was the most frequently used in the marketing research. i)Multiple Choices The researcher provides choices of answers and respondents will be asked to select one or more of the alternatives given that mostly closely match their own response. For this study, the researcher will use this kind of question for respondent profile at section A. ii)Scale For this study, the Liker Scale questionnaire will be use widely where requires the respondents indicate strongly disagree or strongly agree with each of series of statement about the Microcredit Repayment. What is the level of microcredit repayment among employees? 2. Does gender of borrower will influence microcredit repayment? 3. Does a type of business activities will influence microcredit repayment? 4. Does amount of loan will influence microcredit repayment? 5. Does repayment period will influence microcredit repayment? 7. 0Sampling 7. 0. 1Sampling Design Based on Malhotra (2004), a sample is a subgroup of the population selected for participant in the study. Population is aggregate of all the elements that share some common set of characteristics and that comprise the universe for the purpose of the marketing research problem. According to the Zikmund (2003), the simple size can be 30 units and more, whereas Sekaran (2003) has mentioned between 30 units to 500 units, so only 100 respondents were selected and accepted for this study. The sampling design process includes five steps that are sequentially in the figure 2. 0 below. Figure 2. 0: The sampling design process 1)Defining target Population The first step of the sampling design will be specifying the target population. The target population means the collection of elements or subjects that possess the information sought by researcher and about which inference are to be made (Malhotra, 2004). According to Sekaran, (2003), population refers to the entire group of people, events, or things of interest that the researcher wishes to investigate. For the purpose of this study, the population will consist of employees at Sekolah Menegah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Jalan Pandamaran, Pelabuhan Klang, Selangor 2)Determining sampling Frame A sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the target population that consist of a list or set of direction for identifying the target population. However, as for the sampling frame, this study has narrow down the elements of the target population to those employees within a few divisions or units at Sekolah Menegah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Jalan Pandamaran, Pelabuhan Klang, Selangor. The rationale is because the researcher will be only target to collect 50 respondents for this study. 3)Determine the Sample Size Sample size refers to the number of elements to be included in the study. Regarding to this study, the sampling size were decided around 50 respondents only due to the time and money constraints. The targeted respondents will comprise the employees of divisions and units at Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Selangor. 4)Execute the Sampling Process In execute the sampling process, once the target population, sampling frame, sampling technique and sampling size has been determined, allocation of the sample will be quite easy to execute.

Antanas Kaztauskis Essay

Antanas Kaztauskis make a responsibility choice when I chose to come to U. S. for better life, better prospect for his life. I think he should bespeak people to come to the U. S. Because as he came to U. S. even he had to demo to view of problem, but every success postulate hard time to pass. In his darkened country, people didnt shake up to face of hard problem like that in life, but they didnt have in full rights of human should had. They couldnt write or read in their give birth language. on that point werent school for them to realise their own language, only Russian school available.Russian school charged lot of currency, approximately of them can afford it and they had to stay un heared just because they had to pay high appraise and didnt have enough money to go to school. They didnt have to suffrage and no resource or brush happen in their country. government controlled everything and didnt give their people both encounter to controlled their own policy. They couldnt have right to have their religion. They would be caught and put in put away because it was illegal to follow any religion.It was just liked they were in jail but lived with their family. Everything was controlled by Government. The shoe ecclesiastic man could understand and saw through and through what happen with people in at that place so he suggest Antanas Kaztauskis to come to U. S. It was the scoop out choice for Antanas Kaztauskis. First he had to come to many place to reach U. S. The award was very nice. He got a job. He could made money and lived in a granting immunity country which he could do whatever he insufficiency but it had to be legal and not exceed the limit.He had right to learn English, read newspapers, worked and fed himself. He didnt have to pay high tax and give everything he earn to Government as he usually did in his own country. He could join election to vote for who would be the leader to facilitate the people of U. S. He got lot of freedom more than he did in his grizzly country. The first Amendments of U. S. said that people have freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom of the press as well as the right to assemble and petition. All the rights was protect by government.People of the U. S. ould have internal rights with life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Antanas Kaztauskis should write a letter and t rare his people in his old country about what he see and suggest all the young people to come here, to the U. S for better life, so they could help their family from the oppression life. They could open his mind, learn Americanization and receive the best things they could have for the intact of their life. At first they would be apprehensive and disappointed but they wouldnt be regret after. The U. S would be their best choice.

Banking System of China Essay

The Chinese shoreing frame is verbalize to be undergoing some terrible change in the aftermath of the emergence of chinawargon as a study player in the globose thriftiness. This is so after several historic plosive of state ownership and communism that was so universal in the clownish. The re works in the Chinese depository financial inductioning system commenced in the 1980s to date. The structure of the Chinese banking system ab initio was monolithic with the Peoples margin of mainland chinaw ar macrocosm the only bank wholeowed to do banking duty in the bea as its Central Bank. still this changed in the early 1980s when the Chinese giving medication allowed some state owned banks that were specialized to die doing banking businesses and taking deposits. The banks licensed included Agricultural Bank of china, Bank of chinaw ar, mainland chinaw ar Construction Bank and the industrial and Commercial Bank of mainland china. This were the pioneer speciali zed banks in china and in 1994, there was the establishment of cutting banks whose purpose was policy specific standardized the chinawargon Development Bank, Export Import Bank of china and the china Development Bank reference book Cla14 l 1033 (Claessens & Kodres, 2014). These banks cook a varying ownership stagecoach by the public that was done through and through the initial public offers but despite this, the studyity sh arholder of these banks is still the Chinese g all overnment.Several joint trite commercial banks and city c commercial banks consider been licensed to exit in China. The politics of China has as well as licensed banks that are dedicated to arrest the rural centers of China. Foreign banks have also been allowed to ope ramble in China.As of 2010, the bugger off in of the assets of the Chinese banking system were 14 trillion dollars. The four specialized banks in China at that time controlled 48 share of these assets. The main regulatory body that controls the banking system is the CBRC (China Banking regulatory Commission) that is charged with the responsibility of fashioning rules and regulation of China banks book of concomitants Loo13 l 1033 (Looney, 2013). The CBRC is in charge of vigilance and collects banking statistics to be manipulationd in the forge of p chew out of bank expansion. It also goes a long perplexity in solving the potential solvency and liquidity furnishs that great personnel trouble banks. This Peoples Bank of China while acting as Chinas Central bank has kinda an authority over the Chinese banking system. This includes the typical lineament played by the central bank of representation on internationalistic monetary forums and nutrition of monetary policy. Its new(prenominal) roles are the reduction of risk and promotion of pecuniary st qualifiedness of the system. The PBC is also responsible impart regulation and the change over of foreign currency surrounded by banks. It s upervises settlement and requital system in the sphere.The Chinese banking system does non consist of a deposit insurance where the depositors are protected from the loss of their funds in cheek the banks sting wound up. However reforms are afoot(predicate) to ensure that Chinese depositors are able to get insured for their deposits. In the fountain of 2009, the Chinese disposal encouraged a too large trust manna in order to starting signal the possible effect of the spherical financial crisis. The large part of this source was engaged to pay cornerstone and construction of actually estate which abeted China to erect by forty five share betwixt 2008 and 2013. At the similar time, the International fiscal Funds ascribe reports increase to 200 part with much of it plan of attack from stick bys, loans and non-bank financing equivalent to 13 trillion dollars. appear of the 200 percent increase, non-bank financing accounted for two one-thirds of the tota l commendation Loo13 l 1033 (Looney, 2013). This meant that the range of character reference was non from regulated Chinese banks but from Chinese financial institutions. The Chinese butt banking system which has evolved over this period comprises of several layers which include crown marts, non-banking financial institutions and the sluttish sector.Review of Literature world-wideization is a sundry(a) term and deals with all the cordial, political and sparing issues in the unquestionable and ontogenesis field. The universe of discourse has seen umteen changes in the form of innovation, technological advancements and scotch prosperity. One of the study shifts in the current era has been the creation of a founding with no boundary. This has issuanceed into integration of technology and modernization of production and working methods. This paper presents an in judgment analysis on determining who have benefited from orbicularisation in China.The term globalizat ion has been a belief which has integ prized in the world of current times. globalization pertains to the growing relationships of muckle, subtlety, and scotch activity on the global take. The term is often utilized to refer to the location of economic globalization it is the production and distribution of the work and goods on the global platform and takes place with the help of the reduced obstacles of international pot. These trade barriers include the exportationing fees, tariffs, and import quotas, and also comprise of the free drive of enthronization and capital in the entire world. at that place are many ways countries that have benefited from globalization in China computer address Cla14 l 1033 (Claessens & Kodres, 2014). The impacts of trade brought by globalization could be seen by the public exposure of the art of glass making in China from Hesperian. Religious ideology lot quickly in all directions through globalization. Mer bathtilism for display case spread from the West to the vitamin E through globalization. The easy shine of ideas, art and culture resulted in economic, cultural and social vibrancy that was unmatched anywhere else in the world. globalisation has do Chinas thrift the senior lofty-speed growing economy with an average of 9 percent of fruit in the last three decades. China has the largest volume of goods imported and exported throughout the global grocery. Provinces at the coasts of China are more industrialized and developed than those in the hinterland. It is for this reason that China has a material influence on the world economy because of the large volume of trade. The near valuable sector of Chinas economy is labor and agriculture CITATION Moo99 l 1033 (Moore, 1999). The Agricultural output has been adversely bear on by erratic and sporadic weather of East Asia. The industrial sector in China has go on more than the agricultural sector in China because of incomes, technology and labor product ivity. The differences in the two sectors of the economy are the reason for the social, economic and cultural contrariety amidst the urban and rural areas. China is the leading(p) producer of mineral and industrial products like char and oil. According to statistics, China has straind a proceeds level of 10.9%, which is quite a massive addition. With this rapid growth, people are straight off quite able to achieve postgraduateer living standards which can be discover in China where people can instantaneously be more luxurious in the goods they barter for over the inferior ones CITATION Loo13 l 1033 (Looney, 2013).The government of China can now yield well-timed and more efficient services for everyones wellorganism. This is as a result of more people being able to pay their taxes as there are more employment opportunities. The availability of more revenue enhancement has enabled them to improve on the medical healthcare facilities and education. This non only has pri vate benefit, but a thinking(a) population can be more procreative due to the change magnitude life expectancy.With increasing globalization, Western Europe established favorable for trade and entrepreneurship through its educated workforce working in China. The growing of infrastructural linkages in China favors trading in the region. This process has enhanced the rate of international trade of antithetical services and goods. The production processes have been broken lot into various stages separated by the geographical boundaries and is conducted on large scale. more thanover, an enormous expansion in the manufacturing exports has occurred from many developing countries. All these factors have created new opportunities and possibilities for the developing regions of the world. For instance, during 1900s, the Japan and China experienced an increasing market share while the rest of the world witnessed the export share to be decreasing. Chinas globalization has also enhanced the participation of the developing world in FDI expansion. Due to the boosting of financial expansion in the industrial world, the developing nations have also obtained a platform to give their contributions in the financial world and enjoy the advantages of modern concepts CITATION Cla14 l 1033 (Claessens & Kodres, 2014).Globalization in China has encouraged increased escape of capital and ideas to other countries like Korea and Japan which have increased their inventiveness and expertise through the hiring of raw and innovative human resources from the developed nations. Moreover, they are able to avail the opportunities of investing in the developed regions of the world as well as attracting newer investments from other part of the world CITATION Yen14 l 1033 (Yen, Lai, & Wang, 2014). Chinas globalization has in turn influenced the neighboring countries. India for instance has picked a few lessons from China and has adopted a more open economy in the process. This has in the process transformed the nation as regards to increase and creation of opportunities in the global scale for just about multi-national companies. Globalization in China has resulted in an increased level of trade of China with other countries that are in different parts of the globe. Its recent growth has led to the revival of Japans economy and in the process saving them from recession frankincense averting a serious global downturn.With the enormous population figures in China, it has provided markets for the Statesn companies and their products. This has led to the flow of income from the U. S to China. The exported cheap products that are produced in the US has resulted in the increase of job opportunities thereof an progression of the living standards of the Americans and other countries nationals who are in combat-ready trade with China. With globalization China has been able to export some of its products to markets like the U.S thus managing to keep the level of inflati on and matter to judge down in the process prolonging the economic boom in America CITATION Cla14 l 1033 (Claessens & Kodres, 2014).The success of globalization in China has led to decreased cases of wars and appointment in the globe. China is often a quiet participant in global conflict and its lack of concern in conflict has been beneficial to the global stage. With globalization it has managed to steer away from instances of tug of wars with the other global super powers. It does not sponsor insurgencies in conflict prone areas like the Middle East Asia and Latin America unlike other superpowers. It has by all means through globalization supported the global financial institutions like the IMF in assisting the poor CITATION Moo99 l 1033 (Moore, 1999). As a result of this, third world countries have benefited the most from China s generosity as regards to supporting and sponsoring of development projects in their countries. In recent time China has been an sprightly partici pant in the African scene f infrastructure with most of the projects in these countries being sponsored and conducted by China. This in essence shows Africa as the direct help of globalization in China. China has been able to provide loans to these countries and in the process has streng accordinglyed ties with these nations. The concept of globalization has also proven to be a protagonist to the developing world by providing it the chances to stand in the line of competitors and thus, aim on attaining efficiency and agonistic advantageMethodologyThe non-banking financial institutions constitute the large part and they are subject to regulatory circumspection. The oversight involves various degrees that include direct loans for surfeit funds from companies to trade character reference or other resumeers, riches management products and trust companies, pawn shops, micro credit providers, over 3000 private and fairness providers partly funded by private investors, consumer cre dit institutions, and financial guarantors to finance companies. The capital markets allow institutional investors and insurance companies to by debt and equity securities. The informal sector poses as a major risk for the Chinese economy because it involves direct impart between secretive and individual lend which is often conducted by il legitimate loan sharks like clog up lane bankers and unrestrained capitalists who offer loans at graduate(prenominal) provokes to teeny-weeny business enterprises. What drives this tremendous growth of the Chinese spectre banking system is the regulation and structure of the countrys financial system. Chinas credit markets is dominated by four major banks that are controlled by the state and focus on lending to government associated firms , enterprises owned by the state and projects with formalised sanctions. This makes it quite difficult for other businesses to gain admission price to bank credit which triggers shadow banking to fill th is gap. This exemplifies a popular saying in Chinese culture which asserts that countermeasures come from below while policies come from above. there is immense risk that is associated Chinas shadow banking system which questions the longevity of the Chinese financial welfare. Although it whitethorn be difficult to as sure the exact coat of the Chinese shadow banking system, it is evidently growing rapidly and accounts for approximately 70 to 100 percent of the country gross domestic product CITATION Yen14 l 1033 (Yen, Lai, & Wang, 2014).A major problem is that most of the financial guarantors and trust companies of the Chinese shadow banking system often lack overflowing capital. This forces them into an average leverage that is twenty times their worth given that most of the investments are of high nature. More so, the detail as to what exactly the investor will use the funds for is not clear. there is ambiguity regarding how to implement security provokes and due diligenc e by the investment enterprise or sponsor and the rights if the investor and borrower. The controls and oversight of the shadow banking system are weak since it operates with regulations that are limited. primary(prenominal) Issues/ FindingsThe share of lending by Chinese banks has now decreased from ninety percent over the chivalric ten year to fifty percent display how much the Chinese economy now relies on the shadow banking system as a indispensable financial source. This has mostly affected the local governments, small and medium sized enterprises and blank space companies. This interconnection between conventional banking systems and the shadow banking system lead to the creation of moral hazards and additional risk based on regulatory reasons CITATION Loo13 l 1033 (Looney, 2013). The banks often use the shadow banking system when shifting loan assets from their windowpane financial statements and balance sheets for investors and regulators. For casing, when Chinese banks are not able to lend funds at high sakis to companies, they use Wealth Management Products and Trust Companies. They also create products of investment for investors looking for higher returns thereby acting as an intermediate between borrowers and savers Chinese banks has thus used shadow banking investment products like Security Brokers and Trust Companies to maintain the earnings and market share through the commissions and fees from the products. Currently, there has been an increase on the number of Wealth Management Products issued by Chinese banks has increased from roughly 100 zillion dollars to 3 trillion dollars CITATION Kuh12 l 1033 (Kuhn & Yang, 2012).Shadow banking has caused queer credit quality of many borrowers in the market. This is because of the variability in related used to secure loans. Although most of the wealth management products are invested as bond markets, interbank deposits and money markets whose large proportion is secured through real estate. T he problem with real estate is that the investors are highly vulnerable to losses because property values hover every now and hence. This parts them to high disallow risk. thither are also other risky forms of collateral in shadow banking which include invaluable commodities and industry machinery and other exotic forms like graveyards that also expose businesses to risk. Most all important(p)ly is the fact that the collaterals pledged whitethorn not even be in initiation CITATION Cla14 l 1033 (Claessens & Kodres, 2014). A good example is that of Wealth Management Product the Golden Elephant egress 38 which was secured by a deserted housing estate located in rice filed indoors the Jiangxi Province of China. This Wealth Management Product offered 7.2 percent to its investors on an annual basis. The collaterals used also necessitate substantial mismatches whereby long term assets are financed by short term funds that do not generate any income. This poses a liquidity crisis for the financial system and the conduit vehicles which face constant periodic payments and other refinance requirements. This is evidenced by the huge 660 billion dollars worth of trust products that have matured as of 2014.The linkages between bank and shadow banking system in China are quite complex in nature. There are different trans feats between the different shadow banking institutions. China growing fretting over the debt accrued is complicated by the fact that there has been an increase in the rate of get by most of its local government and the important role the shadow banking system plays in this economy. This is quite undermines the Chinese entrepreneurial spirit and highlights the huge problems in Chinas system of finance. The relaxation measures interpreted by the central government in the wake of 2007/2008 financial crisis led to increased government consumption in an endeavor to increase economic activity.The legal limitation is that the local governments in China are not allowed to ask for any form of funding or rather borrowing. This was after the creation of urban Development Investment Companies (UDIC) that was allowed to ask for any form of funding the local government need. Ideally, UDICs are allowed to ask for funding from banks but the recent action by banks to reduce on loans led them to borrow from the shadow banking system. This has thus resulted in the local banks being left in the dark as there are disputes on the exact figure of borrowings made despite the growing level of scrutiny revolving the issue CITATION Loo13 l 1033 (Looney, 2013).There has been an increased rate of borrowing, misappropriation of funds and servicing of debts due to prices of property increasing in China. The growing concern by the lenders is more likely to reduce the availability of credit and as a result leading to a restrained cash flow. It can be said that the rise of the shadow banking has emerged from the structured financial system that is regulate d. The limited access to funds and credit in bank has led to the emergence of shadow banking as the alternative solution to access credit. The regulation by the government in terms of deposits and interest rates has contributed majorly to the growth of shadow banking. The loss of purchasing power by consumers has led them to opt for the high interest rates offered by shadow banks CITATION Cla14 l 1033 (Claessens & Kodres, 2014).The Chinese central government has been on the criminal offense through curtailing of expansion of credit through making reduction in loan quotas thus to a large extend limiting lending to certain sectors in the long run encouraging the growth of shadow banking. The shadow banking system is multi-faceted where there is lending in the informal sector say between individuals and underground lending through shylocks who offer high rates of interest on loans to small businesses. This can be seen as some form of bedevilment to the small businesses where they inc ur the high costs of interest rates charged to them by this shadow banking system.The problems by this shadow banking system are aggravated by the fact that this shadow banking system in China is made up of non-banking financial institutions like leasing companies, finance companies and guarantors that are supposed to be regulated. The dominating products in the non-banking institution sector are wealth management products. These trust companies thrive in financing riskier proceedings and borrowers who banks cannot do business with because of the strict regulations that come with them. These companies raise money from investors who then invest in securities and loans. The attractions of such(prenominal) investments are the high returns in comparison to bank deposits. The financing of local government projects of infrastructure come from trust funds because of the reluctance of the Central bank to limit the local government financing.A crude feature of Chinas shadow banking is the working relationship they have with banks. The banks act as an operator in loan from one financial institution to another. Short term government debts interest is administered by the respective Central bank of that particular country. This is so because the sole role of the Central government is the maintenance of economic growth and price stability CITATION Yen14 l 1033 (Yen, Lai, & Wang, 2014). With lower interest rates then there is economic growth this is because of the affordability of credit as the people are able to service their loans and debts at low costs. From Statistics of the Chinese Central Bank, there has been a steady decline and rise in the interest rate in China for the last decade. This could be attributed to the public outcry in the country craft for effective and efficient monetary policy measures by their respective departments of finance. These measures have thus maintained the interest rates to a bare minimum thus enabling the stable economic growth in Chin a.The GDP growth rate figures are an denotation of the wealth produced per capita in an economy. This then determines the levels of foreign direct investment that are attracted to an economy. A high GDP and growth rate like that of China shows a growing economy thus a high attraction rate for investors in the country CITATION Loo13 l 1033 (Looney, 2013). The high inflation rate in China erodes the purchasing power of the consumers. The inflation rate of China serves as an economic indicator of the economic direction of the country except for special global cases like Japan that despite low and negative inflation rates show no growth rate.ConclusionFrom this analysis therefore, it is clear that the economic policies and issues of the Chinese economy is determined by various economic variables provided by the Central Bank of China which plays a brisk role to ensure the full realization of the economic vision. The central banks monetary role and the governments fiscal policy role det ermine the economic development. With a proper and effective economic policies then the economic development agendas can be slowly arrived atCITATION nte06 l 1033 (International Monetary Fund, 2006).Shadow banking has grown in China and it is now rivaling conventional banking systems and this has made the country a focal point regarding macroeconomic attention. There is a lot of speculation as to whether or not Chinas economy will slow down and eventually cause searing financial upshot as a result of shadow banking CITATION Cla14 l 1033 (Claessens & Kodres, 2014). Consequently, this has become a serious issue that has gained global concern. In the beginning of 2009, the Chinese government encouraged a large credit boom in order to offset the possible effects of the global financial crisis. The larger part of this credit was used to finance infrastructure and construction of real estate which helped China to grow by forty five percent between 2008 and 2013.ReferencesClaessens, S., & Kodres, L. E. (2014). The Regulatory Responses to the Global fiscal Crisis Some uncomfortable Questions. new-fashioned York International Monetary Fund.International Monetary Fund. (2006). Progress in Chinas Banking welkin Reform Has Bank , Issues 2006-2071.Kuhn, R. L., & Yang, L. (2012). Chinas Banking and Financial Markets The Internal Research Report of the Chinese Government. naked York John Wiley & Sons.Looney, R. E. (2013). Handbook of Emerging Economies. New York Routledge.Moore, T. G. (1999). China and Globalization. Asian Perspective, 65-85.Yen, J., Lai, K. K., & Wang, M. (2014). Chinas Financial Markets Issues and Opportunities. New York Routledge.Source document