Summary of B.F. Skinner and Piaget free essay sample

One of the most influential members of the behaviorist movement, as well as among psychologists who study human development was B. F. Skinner (Diessner, 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of B.F. Skinner and Piaget or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 134). Skinner was notable for his description of the acquisition of new behavior through the use of reinenforcement and punishment called operant conditioning (Diessner, 2008). Skinner also contributed his behaviorist explanation of language development through his concept of verbal behavior (Diessner, 2008). To Skinner verbal behavior is basically a behavior which is â€Å"reinenforced through the mediation of others† (Skinner, 1957, p. 2) and ultimately the speaker by applying controlling variables of operant conditioning principles (Burk, 2009; Diessner, 2008). We use words to express many things such as feeling, emotions, ideas, needs and desires, and how a person communicates depends on the verbal community they are a part of, the â€Å"community† which encompasses their socio-economic status (class), religion, job/career, culture, etc. (Burton Kagan, 1994; Diessner, 2008). Skinner states that a â€Å"verbal repertoire† can have similar effects on various listeners due to the speaker who possesses different repertoires which are shaped and maintained by different verbal communities and languages (Diessner, 2008, p. 134). It is also noted by Skinner that verbal behavior does not need an audience, and that a speaker can become a listener as a result reinenforcing his own behavior (Diessner, 2008). The interaction between language and behavior is emphasized by Skinner in Diessner (2008), in which the speaker is â€Å"in contact with a situation to which a listener is disposed to respond† (p. 35), and the verbal response from the speaker allows the listener to respond properly. Even though it is implied by communication theory that the speaker and listener share the same meanings in the messages conveyed, Skinner states that meanings are not the same in the speaker and the listener; instead the verbal responses are understood as signs or symbo ls of the situation, by the listener (Diessner, 2008). Through the manipulation of sentences, invention of alphabet, and discovery of grammar and such, it is understood that verbal behavior has its own independent status, which can be further explained by the meaning onveyed in written records by the writer and the meaning a reader produces on his own without regard of the verbal behavior of the writer (Diessner, 2008). Skinner’s concept of verbal behavior â€Å"outlined his analysis of verbal behavior, which described a group of verbal operants, or functional units of language, explaining that language could be analyzed into a set of functional units, with each type of operant serving a different function† (Burk, 2009). Simply, learning new words is the effect of a â€Å"singe reinenforcement† (Diessner, 2008, p. 138). Jean Piaget: Volume Conservation Jean Piaget, a Swiss born scientist often referred to as a developmental psychologist, but truly an epistemologist, who made many contributions to educational psychology conducted many experiments to support his theories and concepts (Diessner, 2008; Mooney, 2000). One of his experiments called the conservation of volume experiment, had suggestions of children learning and understanding arithmetic, geometry and aspects of spatial reasoning by trying to understand how substances maintain the same quantity in volume even after the shape changes (Diessner, 2008). Piaget’s theory, the four stages of cognitive development directly correlate to the theory of conservation presented in the experiment but it must be noted that everyone develops at their own pace, some faster than others in certain areas (Maranowski, n. d. ). In the experiment described in Diessner selection 25 Conservation of Continuous Quantities, two identical, squat beakers and one tall, narrow beaker were used, despite a different setup in the original experiment by Piaget, with children ages ranging from 4 years to 7 years and 2 months old. Children in the first stage â€Å"Absence of Conservation† corresponding to the preoperational stage, thought there was an increase of decrease in the quantity of liquid contingent on the size or number of containers (Diessner, 2008). An explanation of this can be since in the preoperational stage a child’s ideas are based on their perceptions and only focus on one variable at a time, like the smaller containers of liquid (Mooney, 2000). In the second stage of â€Å"Intermediary Reactions† which would be the transition between the preoperational stage and the concrete operational stage, behaviors not displayed by all children was noted (Diessner, 2008). First, some children were able to assume that the quantity of liquid would not change when poured from the one tall beaker into the two smaller glasses, but when more glasses were introduced the child went back to the prior stage belief of nonconservation (Diessner, 2008). Another reaction to the experiment was that the child accepted the concept of conservation but as soon as the quantity was greater the child became uncertain (Diessner, 2008). An explanation for these reactions can be that as the child transitions from preoperational to concrete operational stage their ideas of reasoning are still developing (Mooney, 2000). Finally in stage 3 â€Å"Necessary Conservation† corresponds to Piaget’s concrete operational stage of cognitive development (Diessner, 2008). In this group children recognized that the quantities of liquid are conserved and the nature of its changes immediately, for the most part, without hesitation (Diessner, 2008). Since the children in this stage are considered to be in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development, it can be said that their understanding of the experiment can be explained by the behavior of being able to form ideas based on reasoning and their perception of the changes is better (Mooney, 2008). References Burk, C. (November, 2009). What is AVB?. Retrieved from http://www. christinaburkaba. com/AVB. htm Burton, M. , Kagan, C. (1994). The verbal community and the societal construction of consciousness. Behavioral and Social Issues. 4(12). (90-91).

The American Economy in the 1920s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst Essays

The American Economy in the 1920s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst Essays The American Economy in the 1920s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst Essay The American Economy in the 1920s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst Essay â€Å"The Economy of 1920’s America was a bubble destined to burst† The statement that the economy of 1920’s American was a bubble destined to burst is thoroughly correct. The uprising issues of Protectionism, weak industries, weak banks, overproduction of goods and an uneven distribution of wealth meant that America was in a vicious spending spree that could only be broken by the 1929 Wall Street Crash. When one thinks of an economic depression, one first considers the banks and how they were linked to the said crash. The banks in the case of the Depression were closely related to the Wall Street Crash. In the 1920’s banks weren’t the large networks that they are today, so when they went bankrupt, there was nothing to fall back on. Banks had also loaned out far too much money keep a stable economic flow. Many Americans also decided to join in on the share market game in hopes of living out the American Dream in a â€Å"get rich quick† manner and were borrowing huge amounts of money to invest, often in an uneducated manner. As this was continuing, banks were making it possible to borrow huge sums of money and the government, still stuck in its belief of Laisseize Fare- that is, that the government would simply let the economy sort itself out without any government intervention. With this flimsy and unstable system of banking- there was bound to be a huge economic impact such as the crash. After the atrocities of World War 1, America decided it’s safest way to keep out of global issues and wars was to focus on being a self-serving country run on the idea of Protectionism. The key act of Protectionism was that tariffs were placed on imported goods, thus making American products much more appealing to its citizens. This also created a huge economic flowing acting almost exclusively nationally. However the notion of Protectionism became detrimental to America as 23 countries soon placed tariffs on American exports that were already seen as luxuries by other countries. It could be said that most other long term causes of the crash of the American economy simply snowballed off the issue of protectionism. One of the largest of these was over production. As American export rates came down, the country was met with the newfound issue of overproduction. As sales for products such as cars dropped dramatically (how many new cars could one family need? ) America still did not stop making them. There were now warehouses full of products that were either un-wanted or that couldn’t be afforded. Soon enough, many companies began to close down in a domino ffect, leaving only the products necessary to live as a profitable part of the economy. The issue of overproduction is closely linked to the un-even distribution of wealth in America. As there were only a select few who could afford to buy the luxury items companies were trying to sell, and because of the tariffs now placed on American goods, there were no exports. As 5% of the country’s population held a massive 30% of the wealth, that too was far too unstable to continue. Thus proving that the American economy was in fact, a bubble destined to burst. The final factors of the economic crash of 1929 are closely linked. The cotton, farming and railroad industries being far weaker than they seemed and the instant panic when there was any cause for concern by the American people were both such issues because of lassiz fare and the conservative government not being willing to back down on this that the economy ended up in a crisis. There were low wages for people industrial workers and farmers- (ironically enough the jobs that could have saved the economy) yet Americans were encouraged to have the highest faith in the farming, cotton and railroad industries. In 1929- the year of the crash, President Hoover himself said that America could expect a â€Å"financial triumph over property†. It was due to this huge faith and over confidence in the economy that the panic when things went a little haywire Americans were in such shock that all they wanted to do was sell their shares and get their money back. This of course was just making matters worse for themselves and their country. It is because of these factors, that it is indeed obvious that America in the 1920’s was simply a bubble destined to burst. There were too many half-thought-out ideas put into immediate motion and the lack of communication or assistance from the American government lead to the three factors that made the American crash inevitable.

5 Easy Snow Ice Cream Recipes

5 Easy Snow Ice Cream Recipes There are actually a few different recipes for snow ice cream. Here are some of the most common recipes: Snow Ice Cream Without Eating Snow This first recipe uses snow and salt to freeze the ice cream (an example of freezing point depression), but this recipe doesnt involve actually eating the snow (the rest of the recipes do). This is a great recipe if you want to play with the snow, but dont consider it clean enough to eat. Fill a gallon freezer bag halfway full with snow or crushed ice.Add ~6 tablespoons of salt to the snow. This will lower the freezing point of the snow so you can freeze your ice cream.In a quart Ziploc bag, mix:1/2 cup half and half1 tablespoon sugar1/2 teaspoon vanilla extractZip up the quart bag, squeezing out any excess air and put it inside the gallon bag.Close up the gallon bag, again removing any excess air since it makes mixing difficult.Wear gloves or else put a dry kitchen towel between your hands and the snow/salt bag. Squish the bags with your hands until the ice cream is frozen.Remove the smaller bag and enjoy your frozen treat! Classic Snow Ice Cream Recipe This is a classic recipe that works really well because the sweetened condensed milk is thick and helps hold quickly melting snow together. 1 gallon or a big bowl of clean snow (if you like, you can put the bowl outdoors to collect it as it falls)1 14-oz can of sweetened condensed milk1 tsp vanilla extract Mix the ingredients together and eat the snow ice cream. Yummy! Easy Snow Ice Cream Recipe 1 gallon or a big bowl full of snow1 cup sugar1 tsp vanilla extract1 cup cream or milk Again, just mix the ingredients together. You get the idea. Chocolate Snow Ice Cream a big bowl of snow1 cup sugar1 cup chocolate milk Another Chocolate Snow Ice Cream Recipe a big bowl of snow1 14-oz can of sweetened condensed milkchocolate syrup or cocoa powder, to taste Other Snow Ice Cream Variations Some people like to substitute rum for the vanilla. You could add pureed fruit, such as strawberry or peaches. You may enjoy making a sort of snow ice cream float made by dropping a scoop of snow ice cream into your favorite soda. Snow ice cream does not re-freeze well, so mix the ice cream and eat it immediately. Enjoy!

Safaricom M-PESA Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Safaricom M-PESA Managment - Essay Example Airtel money second largest provider to the M-PESA service with almost similar products, the emphasis of the product is different from the one in the M-PESA in the sense that the service is mainly designed for the urban-class working people since the Airtel network service is available in towns The Essar Telkom YU cash services communication mix is targeted to the low earning citizens as the company targets to endear itself to the citizens through its low-cost service. For instance, sending money through its YU cash money transfer service is now free to all its users and across all networks in the country. Orange money from Telkom Kenya is targeted to the working class population especially those in formal employment, this service markets itself to its target group as the fast and reliable way of sending and receiving money among the working population to all the major urban centers in the country. There are other small money transfer services such as Mobi pay, Angaza money transfer service that is not attached to any network service provider, however, these companies do not hold a significant portion of the mobile money market. The flow of information and money starts when a customer approaches an agent with the intention of transferring the money. The customer deposits the amount of money that he wants to transfer inclusive of the service charges; after he deposits, he gets an SMS confirming the transaction, on the other hand, the agent and the headquarter also get confirmation of the transaction. After the money has been deposited in the customer’s MPESA account, the customer then can be able to send money to another number by authorizing the company to deposit the money in the preferred number mobile number.

English-Only Debated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English-Only Debated - Essay Example It can also be defined as an easily accessible artistic mode of expression that points out, in a wide range of mediums, criticisms and oppositions to social, political ,economic or other circumstances in the community that are of high concern (Duncombe, 4-5). Consequently, cultural resistance mainly intends to raise awareness of the issue and then calls for justice on the part of the oppressed, this implies that it exist for a reason and not just for the sake of sympathy or pity. This article addresses creative cultural resistance in the American society with focus on English language There has been a raging debate on cultural dissent and language in regard to what it mean for one to say, â€Å"I am American?† The law provides these answers in technical sense: as to be one that falls under a statutory or constitutional category having full participation and membership rights in the American polity (Del 55). The main ones, with few minor exceptions, are birth within the United States, birth to American parents overseas, and legal naturalization, all regulated by the federal government. If this is the case why do when family, friends, co-workers, and or even our general acquaintances refer to themselves as who they are, the response is too often either Italian, Irish, German, Greek, or French and so on, however, in reality they're not, they’re simply American. This false mindset of what people perceive themselves to be leads to a stronger divide, separation, and cultural resistance between the people within our society both politically and culturally, while deteriorating the true identity and morals of what it means to be an American which can be found deep as its foundation. In spite of this, calling oneself â€Å"Irish† can give way to a sense of pride and belonging to a unique nation, with a heritage of great deeds and tragic flaws, a set of ideals, and a singularly commanding and demanding position in today’s world. As discussed by Rogers M. Smith, for many Americans alike, the sentence â€Å"I am Irish† is also a revelation of their sense of attachment at the deepest emotional level to unique culture and moral standards. It has then much more than merely legal meaning; it evokes a statement of political and personal identity that is complex, powerful, and often contradictory to the ideas and sentiments for both American and non-Americans similarly (Del 55). Retrospectively, this divides our country; the false sense of attachment due to pride drives both natives and immigrants towards specific towns or counties while steering them away from others. The culture and customs of one's heritage often differs greatly between an American native and ones ancestry within a home country. Since the United States is an immigrant society, putting as much of your message as possible into words is important in order to let people know where one is coming from. People try to remove the possibility of misassumptions as they believe everyone is different and the degree which they are involved in the majority culture varies (Jasper, 19-25). The Japanese view their country differently; they’re racially and culturally homogeneous with a long history of tradition, so it is assumed that everyone knows and will play by the unspoken rules of the majority culture. The two cultures are both different from each other while have very little in common. When Japanese-Americans refer to themselves as Japanese they’re merely holding themselves to a lie. More than forty percent of the population of Japanese immigrants predominantly resides in Hawaii and despite gigantic differences in cultural tradition and descent the majority continues to call themselves Japanese. Rather than United States citizens,

Ethical Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Ethical Decision Making Essay This is to bring to your kind notice that recently we have received a report from the quality assurance department regarding the toy collection which has been recently been made for elementary schools for our South American client. The toys made did not pass the quality check as it includes a metal whistle, which contains high percentage of led which is highly harmful for the children. The shipment needs to be left by the end of the week. There are three different alternatives that I would like to propose: Firstly, we should send the toys neglecting the quality report. This is not an ethical alternative as we are ignoring the quality report of the toys; this decision will highly impact the health of the children. Also, it is disadvantage of company in terms of financial and legal consideration because It is illegal sending unhealthy/uncertified thing as a brand new toy without notifying customer. Advantage is: This alternative would enable us to send the order on time and would save the cost to reproduce the toy. It is going to be advantage of company. Company has to do something in long term process. You can send the product and neglect the quality but if other part realized this issue, you will be lose your credit. Significant thing is realizing that it is going to disadvantage of company. Maybe your advantage will be saving money but it is going to just for this time. 100% make sure that they will realize this issue and give negative feedback about you. I want to give nice example about this situation. Last year Toyota Company called all its customers and informed that there is something wrong with new released cars` breaks. It needs to be fixed as soon as possible. It is fact that Toyota lost millions dollar but he saved his all customer and gain respect from all over the world. People saw that if any product goes wrong with this company they will be informed. This is important example for company that neglecting quality is going to earn you nothing. Your product is your responsibility. Ethics involves the community politics at the level of values–not just what can be achieved or how to achieve it, but more what should be fairness. Ignoring customers and neglecting quality is not the ethical way Secondly, we must reproduce and repack the toy collection with the assured quality and send to the customer. This alternative will lead to extend of the delivery of the toy to the customer and will entail the cost of $100000. This way is the best one. It will have some temporary disadvantages but you will get customers` respect. They will see that you are behind of your product and giving guarantee. It will cost huge money to company and some negative effects of extend deliver time but as I said in previous section best companies choose this way to satisfy their customers. Definition of ethic is: being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice, especially the standards of a profession. Breaking the profession is not ethical Way. This method is the ethical way you inform the company about your products and asking for extra time to reproduce. The last option is to cancel the order. This will affect the relationship with the customer. Also, it will affect the company negatively for future orders because since you cancel the order last minutes, your value on customer is going to be negative because time is money and company lose time because of you. Additionally, possible that they can post negative feedback about your company on website and it is going to very negative idea about your company on existed or new customers. Advantage is customers will see that this company does not sell any unhealthy or uncertified products. Also, selling unhealthy product is illegal and possible company may sue you. It will cost you thousands dollar. I mean it can affect you negatively in terms of financial. Customer maybe not going to buy anything from you again but they will see that you are producing brand new quality product. Possible they will refer you to other customers since you are behind of your product. Among the three alternatives, the best option is to choose on reproduce the toys again. Social Responsibility refers to operating a business in a manner that accounts for the social and environmental impact created by the business. It means a commitment to developing policies that integrate responsible practices into daily business operations. Social responsibility is not just about managing, reducing and avoiding risk, it is about creating pportunities, generating improved performance, making money and leaving the risks far behind. High performance workplaces that integrate the views of line employees into decision-making processes It is an ethical ideology that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act to benefit society at large. This responsibility can be passive, by avoiding engaging in socially harmful acts, or active, by performing activities that directly advan ce social goals. Businesses can use ethical decision making to secure their businesses by making decisions that allow for government agencies to minimize their involvement with the corporation. (Kaliski, 2001) Company has responsibility to produce quality product and spread it to market area. When company makes decisions, it should be long term decisions. Those steps must be considerate: Improving interpersonal communication. Differentiate the decision conditions of certainty, risk, and uncertainty. Understand why managing is a synonym for decision-making. Though it will entail huge cost but it will help in making the decision ethically and will build a strong relationship with the client and the company will have a stand in the market. The decision needs to taken considering ethical constraint and ethical issues. Report: Codes of ethics are in part designed to protect practitioners against charges of malpractice, for practitioners who practice within these accepted guidelines can use them as some creditable measure of defense in cases of accused malpractice. Generally in legal cases, a practitioners behavior is judged by comparing it to the behavior expected of other practitioners in the same profession and in similar situations in accordance with accepted standards of practice. This reflects the community standard, which is what practitioners actually do, as opposed to the ethical standard of what they should do. Compliance with the code of ethics establishing ethical (not merely actual) standards of practice has some measure of validity in legal proceedings. When faced with an ethical conflict it benefits practitioners to think in terms of formal codes of ethics as providing the first (but not the last) line of assistance in the decision-making process. Responding to Siebers conditions that result in ethical problems, and acknowledging that they may share similarities, several writers have developed models for ethical problem solving and decision making. Tymchuk (1981) developed procedural guidelines that can be used as an ethical decision-making model. The model begins with a thorough description of the situation and involves obtaining information from all relevant sources including the parties involved, sources in the literature, and collegial consultation. From the information that has been obtained the critical issues involved are ferreted out and defined. The codes of ethics or other professional guidelines may be helpful in seeking a possible resolution. These guidelines may include state or federal guidelines or laws, licensing statutes and other educational and resource material such as published case studies that are similar to this situation. This process may not provide the right answer and might expose contradictory information; however, failure to find and acknowledge appropriate policies may have consequences later. With this additional information, evaluation of the rights, responsibilities, and welfare of all affected parties (including the community and the profession) may be assessed. When the issues have been defined and the affected parties identified, alternative decisions regarding each issue may proceed. This should proceed without regard to feasibility; the decision not to make a decision should also be included at this time. This process is analogous to a brainstorming session where ideas are generated and judgment is reserved for a later stage. This allows for the development of an array of options, possibly including the best-fitting one of all. Allowing for the possibility of each decision is followed by critical evaluation of the consequences of each proposed action and the time and resources necessary to effect each decision. The consequences should also be viewed from the standpoint of both short-term and long-term effects and their relevance to all parties identified. Benefits of a code of ethics: A code of ethics is a very important part of an organizations Social Responsibility. A code of ethics is a set of rules or moral guidelines that define and govern principles and actions in an organizational environment. Ethical behavior is beneficial for everyone because it protects the interests of the company or organization and the interests of everyone who comes into contact with the organization. Mutual Respect and Integrity: A code of ethics promotes an environment of respect based on integrity. When people know the code of ethics and follow it, this creates an atmosphere of trust, respect and confidence in the actions of each person involved in the organization or group. In the presence of a written code of ethics, employees at a company, for instance, are expected to behave a certain way toward each other and toward customers Trust and Honesty: Another benefit of a code of ethics is trust. Rules promote trust, especially when they are followed consistently. Management, who take the code of ethics seriously, gains the trust of their fellow employees. Those who work for the organization know that they will be protected in any situation Responsibility: When people take responsibility for their actions, everyone benefits. Responsibility is accountability and honesty, and holding yourself accountable promotes these good character traits in others who see them in you. This helps to create a cohesive and productive work force Code of Ethics Analysis: A code of ethics holds the mutual respect, honest, time, profession accountable to the public. If all employees commit to following a common code of ethics, it will produce mutual respect, honest and coherence among coworkers and organizations. I want to approach the situation with an example below: Presently Nokia is the world’s largest mobile telephone device manufacture. It is the most admired brand, ranking 5th position. Initially Nokia started as pulp industry in 1865 then in next 100 years it emerged as a powerful industrial conglomerate. The purpose of code of ethics for Nokia is to deter wrongdoing as well as promoting the standard of good corporate practices in the industry. The code of Ethics of the company applied to its CEO, President, CFO and Corporate Controller. The code of conduct of the company reveals that it aspires towards becoming the most aspired and loved brand in the world by considering not just what the company does but also how it does. The code of ethics of Nokia sets its approach towards ethical and sustainable business practices which is based mainly on the high ethical standards. The company respects and promotes human rights as well as fair workplace practices, equal employment opportunities, sustainable business in accordance with the environment and lastly zero-tolerance policy towards bribery and corruption. As the company products are technologically driven, so the user requirements are highly volatile. Nokia has to keep the pace and satisfy the consumer . There is always a progressive and continuous increase in customer involvement with technology and communications globally. The corporate practices of the company includes honest and ethical conduct, ethical handling of conflicts of interest, fairly and timely disclosures regarding all necessary information including the effectiveness of company’s control and procedures, compliance with laws and regulations of the state in which it is operating, and reporting of illegal as well as unethical behavior by any official of the company. When we look at the top companies, they always based mainly on the high ethical standards Importing thing is taking most improving companies as an example and implement their nice ideas in our companies. Finally, the probability of the actual occurrence of any of the identified consequences should be carefully weighed. Following the above process to completion results in as full a disclosure as is possible pertaining to the facts and circumstances relevant to the situation. Based on this, a decision is rendered. Ideally, this information (decision) should be shared with all parties involved to the extent possible. The decision that needs to be taken should highly focus on ethical issues and constraints.

Insomnia Essay -- essays research papers

INTRODUCTION  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stephen King’s Number One Best-Seller, Insomnia, is a book about an elderly man named Ralph Roberts who begins to suffer from early waking. This form of insomnia grows into a terrible problem for Ralph as he begins to awaken earlier and earlier each morning. People begin to comment about his health and sickly appearance. Many take it upon themselves to recommend old-fashioned home remedies that aren’t supposed to fail. Ralph attempted everything from staying up all night (much to his dismay, he found himself growing more and more awake as the early morning hours passed) to sucking on honeycomb. None of the-tried-and true remedies work and by the time Ralph is getting only about an hour of sleep each night, Ralph begins to see auras around people. Naturally, Ralph begins to think that he is becoming senile because of his old age of 70, even one of his best friends tells him that he has lost it. When Ralph meets two little men from another realm of consciousness and they reveal that they caused him to lose sleep. They explained to him that losing sleep enable him to see the auras that he had begun to see, he is quite relieved to find that he isn‘t insane. This story progresses to its climax in which Ralph must take on a man who is unknowingly helping the king of the dark side, known as the Random in this thriller, kill two thousand people. There is a little boy amongst these people who will save two men in the future, these men are destined to help the light side, known as the Purpose. During the fight, Ralph takes on the king of the Random himself and wins. This saves the little boy and according to the two little men, the universe is balanced once again. As promised by the two little otherworldly men, life returns to normal for Ralph and he can once again sleep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What happened to Ralph in this work is a very imaginative look at what happens to a person suffering from insomnia. In scientific reports, there isn’t evidence of the patient seeing auras, being capable of rising to other levels of consciousness at will, or even entering levels which make them invisible to the human eye, as Ralph did in the book. Sufferers of insomnia in the real world will experience difficulties such as: da... ...oncentration; stress, anxiety, irritability, sleepiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This loss of sleep comes in many different flavours such as difficulty falling asleep, not having a problem falling asleep but a problem staying asleep (many awakenings), and waking up too early. This can lead to many problems in a person’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of the three forms of insomnia, chronic insomnia is the most serious and can last for a month or longer. This form is usually more complex and may be caused by a number of factors, including underlying physical or mental disorders. One of the most common causes of chronic insomnia is depression. Physical causes include arthritis and sleep apnea. Other causes are related to behaviors such as the misuse of caffeine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Insomnia can be cured with proper treatments. Popular treatments for this difficulty sleeping include relaxation therapy and reconditioning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though insomnia may be glamorized by some authors, this problem is nothing to fantasize about, it is a serious problem if it is chronic and should be attended to if it lasts as long as a month.